Who is faster: a person or an animal? 5 main myths about running

A person's running speed depends on many factors and constantly requires a number of caveats: the running speed of a professional or amateur, an elite athlete, a sprinter, a marathon runner, a man or a woman, running in what conditions, etc. Therefore, the concepts of average human speed and maximum are very relative.

Moreover, the wording “record speed”, which has been firmly on the same line next to the name of Usain Bolt for more than 10 years, has been questioned by scientists, and they are constantly striving to prove that Bolt’s speed is not the limit.

The maximum speed of athletes' races.

The fastest man in the world, Usey Bolt, set a record for sprinting, running a hundred meters at a speed of 44.7 km/h

.

When it comes to the maximum running speed of athletes, it is necessary to take into account, in addition to the gender of the runner, the distance over which he runs. In sports, running is divided into the following distances:

1. Short distance running (sprint).
2. Long distance running (marathon).

The speed of races between sprinters and marathon runners is significantly different. Many people unfamiliar with the sport believe that the longer the distance, the faster the running. This concept is fundamentally wrong. A sprinter gives his all during a short run. He immediately makes a dash to get ahead and win. A marathon runner must distribute his strength over the entire length of the distance and can make a jerk only at the end of the race. Therefore, the speed at sprint distances is much higher than at marathon distances and is approximately 40-42 km/h. And this is not the limit.

Maximum physical exertion quickly exhausts the body of a marathon runner. If he immediately makes a jerk during a long-distance race, he may not reach the finish line at all. Therefore, marathon runners have to calculate their strength and run much slower than sprinters. In this regard, we cannot talk about maximum speed here. At marathon distances, athletes with the first category in running show an average speed of approximately 34 - 38 km/h. at distances from 1000 to 5000m; 18 – 20 km/h at 10,000m and for a 42.2 km race – 15.5 – 16.5 km/h. Masters of sports at such distances show speeds 2-3 km higher.

If you decide to take up a running sport, regardless of whether you are prepared or not, the activities will be of a recreational or sports nature, first talk to your doctor, who will tell you what kind of running you should do. But in any case - run, from a heart attack, from colds and just for fun, to feel stronger, healthier and faster and you will definitely set your personal record!

Lifestyle

Rhinoceroses lead a mostly solitary lifestyle, but sometimes gather in small groups or even herds of 10-16 individuals. Rhinoceroses are active at night and at dusk. During the day, they mostly hide from the sun in the shade of bushes, and graze in the evening and night hours.

Rhinoceroses are very cautious and quite timid. When they smell people, they usually run away. Rhinoceroses run quickly, at an awkward gallop and at a heavy trot. The speed of a rhinoceros can reach 48 km/h!

Rhinos are generally not aggressive. As a rule, they do not rush at other animals or humans without any particular reason.

But irritated, very frightened or injured rhinoceroses are very dangerous. They furiously rush at the enemy, striking him with their horns. A blow from a horn can be so strong that all the bones in a person's torso can break. Therefore, you should not approach a rhinoceros at close range, especially a female with a calf.

The female demonstrates tender affection for her cub, cares for it and guards it jealously.

Jogging speed.

Mostly ordinary people without special training engage in recreational running. For them, the main thing is not achieving some results, winning competitions, but taking care of their health. Jogging is a slow run that minimizes the work of the musculoskeletal system and the risk of injury. Athletes also do the same running during training during rehabilitation after injuries, as well as during physical exercise. The speed when jogging is approximately 6-10 km/h and does not differ much between men and women.

Increases the speed of information processing

A long, brisk run speeds up your brain's response to environmental stimuli.

Scientists have discovered Cortical neural arousal is differentially affected by type of physical exercise performed using a test with a critical flicker frequency: a person looks at a flickering light signal, the flashes are repeated faster and faster until they merge into an even light. The longer a person notices flickering, the higher the arousal of the cerebral cortex and the speed of information processing.

Participants in the experiment were asked to take a test before and after a 30-minute run. It turned out that after a long vigorous run, the arousal of the cerebral cortex increased in people. Short, super intense runs did not have this effect.

After running, you will be able to absorb new information and solve problems faster.

The average running speed of an ordinary person.

When identifying an ordinary untrained person, the following circumstances must be taken into account:

1. Child's running speed.
2. Running speed of an adult man.
3. Woman's running speed.

If we are talking about a child running, then in this case there is no need to take into account who is running - a boy or a girl, since their speed is almost the same and is approximately 8 - 10 km/h. This is due to the fact that children, regardless of their gender, have the same development of the muscular system of the musculoskeletal system. They also have the same amount of lactic acid and pulse rate after exercise.

If we are talking about an adult running, then the average speed will be slightly different. This is due to the fact that females have a subcutaneous fat ratio that is 10% higher than that of males, which makes it significantly more difficult for the weaker half of humanity to increase their speed. In addition, there is a difference in the development of elastic and soft muscles. Thus, a woman’s running speed is 11–14 km/h, a man’s is 15–20 km/h. You can more accurately determine the speed at which a person runs at a distance of 100 m. Of course, not everyone is able to run it. Elderly people or those who are overweight or have some kind of disease will run it more slowly than an ordinary healthy person, whose speed will be 14-16 seconds for women and 12-15 seconds. in men. But this indicator is not unambiguous. If an ordinary untrained person runs every day, his result may improve first by hundredths of a second, and then by tenths. Of course, at the beginning the leg muscles will hurt, but if you train constantly, the pain will go away, and the speed of the race will increase every month. But at the same time, you need to monitor not only your speed, but also how you feel during the run and after it. Even if you feel slightly unwell, you should consult a doctor who will recommend you one or another jogging system.

The topic of this latest post is jogging. How to run correctly, what is useful and harmful about running, what does the technique look like, what is the speed and calorie burning, what muscles are involved - these and other […]

The topic of this latest post is jogging. How to run correctly, how running is useful and harmful, what the technique looks like, what is the speed and calorie burning, what muscles are used - these and other nuances are revealed in the text.

Improves attention and ability to control it

Running affects the brain's executive functions: the ability to plan, adjust to circumstances, and choose what to focus on. And not only long running, but also sprinting.

Scientists have discovered Sprint-based exercise and cognitive function in adolescents that just 10 minutes of interval sprinting significantly improves results in the Stroop test, where you need to name the colors of inscriptions without being distracted by the text.

What's more, the benefits of consistent running are cumulative. Interval Running Training Improves Cognitive Flexibility and Aerobic Power of Young Healthy Adults: Seven weeks of regular running improves a person's ability to adapt to new circumstances and function effectively in new environments.

At the same time, the brain works better not only immediately after a run. Long-term sustainable changes occur in it from regular aerobic exercise.

Scientists studied runners and non-athletes at rest, without preliminary jogging. And the former found stronger connections Differences in Resting State Functional Connectivity between Young Adult Endurance Athletes and Healthy Controls in the frontoparietal brain network responsible for attention, working memory and other executive functions.

At the same time, the athletes had a suppressed passive mode of brain functioning (Default mode network, DMN), during which a person thinks relaxed, gets distracted, and jumps from thought to thought.

Even at rest, runners have an easier time focusing and eliminating distracting thoughts than non-athletes.

Jogging technique

Correct technique protects against joint injury. Jogging is easy to learn because the movements are natural to humans. The technique is to push off with your best whole foot, instead of using just the toe or just the heel. Medium size steps, small. Make rhythmic movements back and forth with your arms bent at right angles on the sides of your body. The body is as straight as possible, with a slight slope forward. When running, you need to breathe deeply and freely at a calm pace. If you have a pain in your side or shortness of breath, you need to slow down the pace.

Jogging speed

It is believed that the optimal speed for jogging is 8 km/h. According to other sources - 7-9 km/h. You can test yourself this way: if you can breathe through your nose and talk while running and there is no discomfort or shortness of breath, then your speed is within normal limits. When you need to breathe through your mouth, you need to slow down a little. The speed can be any, but you need to monitor your heart rate - the maximum heart rate when running is 120 beats per minute. You can go beyond this barrier a little, but for some it is dangerous. Jogging involves moving at a speed slightly faster than normal walking.

The benefits and harms of jogging

Jogging improves the condition of the nervous and endocrine systems. Moving for more than 30 minutes causes a surge of endorphins and a feeling of happiness. Thanks to running, the heart and digestive tract work better, blood pressure is normalized, and the figure becomes athletic. Exercise is a weapon against excess weight and stress. The harm of running lies in the shock load on the legs, the risk of damage to the soleus and calf muscles, knees, and spine. To minimize the harm from running, buy softly shock-absorbing shoes.

In most cases, jogging brings great benefits and positive changes in life. How to run correctly and distribute the load, how much time to spend jogging, at what speed to run - these frameworks may differ for each person. It is important to adapt the sport to your needs and body characteristics, to set your own records.

How many calories are burned when jogging?

Interesting facts about calorie consumption when jogging:

• with a weight of 70 kg and a speed of 8 km/h - 340 kcal are consumed in 30 minutes (600 kcal will be burned in 60 minutes);
• 2 hours of continuous running will burn up to 1100 kcal;
• the average calorie burn for beginners in running is up to 600 kcal per hour;
• with interval running (100 m walking + 400 m jogging + 300 m sprinting) - 200 kcal are burned in 60 minutes;
• interval training for a woman weighing 60 kg (alternating walking with slow running) - forces the body to burn up to 260 kcal per hour (with a weight of 80 kg a man will burn up to 320 kcal);
• continuous running of a woman weighing 60 kg at a speed of 11 km/h burns up to 620 kcal (men 80 kg - up to 850 kcal) per hour.

Fat burning is only possible with proper nutrition and heart rate control when running.

Short distance running (sprint)

Sprinting includes spectacular distances that are a crowd pleaser. Covering the distance in a sprint takes a short period of time, but the fate of the top three can be changed by the last meters or a photo finish.

Famous sprinters include Usain Bolt, Justin Gatlin and Yohan Blake. Among them, the clear favorite is multiple world and Olympic champion, world record holder Usain Bolt. However, competitors are getting very close.

The classic distances in sprinting are:

• 100 meters
• 200 meters
• 400 meters

Non-standard ones include 30 m (school standards), 60 m (indoor competitions) and 300 m.

What muscles work when jogging?

When a person runs, muscles that are important for the beauty of the body are activated:

• gluteal muscles - form beautiful buttocks, hold the body upright;
• posterior thigh muscles - regulate the bending of the legs at the knees, located at the back of the thighs in 4 bundles;
• calves - stabilize the body position, raise the legs, and are located on the shins;
• iliacus muscles - responsible for bending the leg; these muscles should not hurt when running;
• intercostal muscles - tension of the intercostal muscles occurs during increased inhalation and exhalation;
• quadriceps (this is the anterior quadriceps femoral muscle) - are significantly involved in bending the legs, moving the knee and hip joints, and are located on the front of the hips.

When running, the muscles of the foot, biceps of the arm and rectus abdominis also work well.

Running hour

Let's look at what an hour of running does. Just 60 minutes of jogging relieves stress, distracts you from everyday problems, and helps you change your surroundings. If you run for exactly an hour, you can burn about 600 kcal, which means you can lose a certain amount of excess weight. It is reliably known that in 60 minutes of moderate running you will burn significantly more calories than in 30 minutes of exactly the same activity. And all because fat burning begins after 30-40 minutes of intense physical work at a pulse of 120-145 beats per minute. If you run 3-4 times a week for 60 minutes, and at the same time eat right, you can achieve your weight loss goal.

Relay race

The team discipline is the relay race, which is held over two distances at the Olympic Games. The relay involves passing the baton to your partner after covering a given distance.

The relay race is divided into two distances: 4x100 meters and 4x400 meters.

World records are also regulated at distances:

• 4×200
• 4×800
• 4×1500

There are also mixed and combined relay races: 800+400+200+100 meters and 4x100 hurdles.

Jamaica holds the world record in the 4x100, thanks in large part to Usain Bolt. The men's team's result was 36.84 seconds. Among women, the American record is 40.82 seconds.

Run every day

Not everyone can run every day; in most cases it is not necessary. You should exercise 3-5 times a week so that the body has time to recover and does not become overworked. Daily running is accessible and useful to professionals and well-trained people. This activity is not for people with zero or poor training. Without fanaticism, you can run even every day, but you need to monitor your condition and listen to your body. At first, it is advisable to take rest breaks, and when the body adapts to the load, switch to daily training.

Jogging after 60 years

Running is an activity not only for the young and old, but also for the elderly. It is important to understand that a person at 60 years old must have an appropriate state of health and the body must be accustomed to such loads. If you have illnesses, you should not start any sports activities without consulting a doctor. For running to be a natural activity at age 60, you need to start much earlier or start with light loads, Nordic walking, and various health-improving exercises. Running prolongs life, reduces cholesterol, burns fat, and improves the health of the body.

Jogging in the morning

Morning running is a cardio workout on an empty stomach. Before running, warming up is encouraged. Getting rid of depression, prolonging youth, preventing diseases, replenishing energy reserves - this is what running in the morning gives, the benefits of training are obvious. If you choose the morning, then you should train with caution so as not to harm your heart. Morning running speeds up metabolism, activates fat burning, helps cleanse the body, works a lot of muscles, trains endurance, invigorates, disciplines and improves the quality of life.

Protects against depression

Passive work mode is often associated with depression Rumination and Default Mode Network Subsystems Connectivity in First-episode, Drug-Naive Young Patients with Major Depressive Disorder. Reducing the time it takes to function in runners helps protect mental health.

However, this is not the only defense mechanism against depression. In addition to the DMN, running affects the brain through kynurenine metabolism.

This substance is formed from the amino acid tryptophan. One part of tryptophan is converted into serotonin and melatonin - hormones necessary for a good mood and sound sleep, and the other into kynurenine Kynurenines in the pathogenesis of endogenous psychiatric disorders.

Under the influence of stress and inflammation, the kynurenine pathway begins to predominate, and the production of serotonin is inhibited. In the brain, kynurenine is converted into different substances: harmful neurotoxins (3-hydroxykitonurine) or beneficial neuroprotectors (kynurenic acid).

Running helps shift the balance towards the latter. During prolonged endurance exercise, skeletal muscles release Endurance exercise increases skeletal muscle kynurenine aminotransferases and plasma kynurenic acid in humans. Kynurenine aminotransferase is a substance that converts kynurenine into acid.

This prevents it from building up, helps protect the brain and prevent depression caused by stress.

Running in the evenings

Some people like to run in the morning and afternoon, while others like to run in the evening. It’s easier to run in the evening, since you don’t have to force yourself to get up early and everyone can find time. Training relieves stress after a working day, burns calories, cleanses the body, and improves sleep. If it is convenient for you to run in the evenings, then do it for your health; time does not affect the effectiveness of exercise. Running at night will help improve the health of people with sedentary jobs. Running in the evenings is pleasant and useful, as training allows you to diversify your life, lose weight and increase mobility.

Contraindications for jogging

You should not run at any pace if you have the following disorders:

• hypertension;
• thrombophlebitis of the legs;
• Heart arythmy;
• diabetes;
• kidney diseases;
• after a stroke and heart attack;
• spondyloarthrosis, radiculitis;
• some gynecological diseases;
• phlebeurysm;
• eye diseases associated with retinal detachment;
• cerebral circulatory disorders;
• heart disease;
• mitral stenosis;
• exacerbation of any disease, viral infections.

In case of serious and/or chronic diseases, any decision in the field of sports should be agreed with a doctor.

If running is not contraindicated for you, then run in the mornings or evenings, whenever and wherever you want. Running can also be beneficial for older people, but they need to look at their health status and consult with doctors more often. Daily running is acceptable, but not suitable for beginners. In just an hour of running at a speed of 10 km/h, the body burns approximately 8.4 kcal for every kilogram of weight (500-600 kcal).

Let's start with the average numbers obtained by analyzing statistical data and based on running standards. There are four main speeds here.

44 km/h

- the maximum possible running speed of a person, a speed record.
30 km/h
is the average running speed of a trained person over a short distance (100m - 400m).
20 km/h
is the average running speed of a trained person over an average distance (800m - 3km).
16 km/h
is the average running speed of a trained person over a long distance (10 km - 42 km).

Note: All conclusions are made for men; for women, speed indicators will be lower.

Table of running speeds at various distances, depending on the category of the athlete

Addition No. 1: It should be noted here that these numbers do not mean the average running speed of a person, but the average maximum

speed. That is, under normal training conditions, athletes run 10-30% slower than their maximum speed (depending on the type of training). Namely, it is this very maximum running speed that we take into account in the diagram built on the basis of sports running standards.

Addition No. 2: The second note concerns short sprint distances (100m - 400m). The important point here is that the maximum speed is gained gradually. If we take the 100-meter dash, the record holders will run the first 10-meter segment in 1.83 seconds, which is only 19.6 km/h. The second segment (10m-20m) is already in 1.03s - and this is already 35.1 km/h. Around the fifth to seventh segments (50m-70m), record holders reach their maximum running speed.

Some conclusions from the table with the diagram: 1. 44 km/h

- the fastest running speed recorded to date.
The holder of this record is Usain Bolt - in 2009 he ran a hundred meters in 9.58 seconds (average 37 km/h, and he reached a peak speed of 43.9 km/h by the 60-70th meter). And this is running in ideal conditions, and over a very short distance. 2. Even elite athletes are not able to reach a running speed of more than 44 km/h
.
3. The vast majority of trained people are able to run at a speed of 20 km/h
, but not more than one kilometer.
4. The average speed of a trained person in long-distance running (10km, 21km, 42km) will be about 15-18km/h
.
Elite athletes run faster: 19-21km/h
.

Find out how to increase your speed, examples of exercises and training methods.

Everyone knows that running speed depends on genetic predisposition and there is some truth in this, for example, look at some people who are not keen on sports, but they have powerful legs and are not full, but with a large proportion of muscle mass, but on the contrary, there are thin ones like matches and quickly get tired from physical exertion.

But even if genetics played into your hands, nothing will work out if you don’t develop your potential, because it’s not for nothing that they say success is 1% of talent and 99% of work, only after that you can achieve maximum explosive power and furious acceleration.

Remember, to become faster you need to be patient and train from month to month, adding and improving every year, if you want to become, for example, a lightning-fast football player, and an explosive sprinter, then work hard and make training your way of life. By the way, for those who have problems gaining muscle mass in their legs, running short sprint distances will help awaken dormant muscles and force them to grow by engaging muscle fibers that are dormant during normal strength training in the gym.

How to increase your running speed

There are 3 most proven and simple ways to increase running speed:

1) STRENGTH TRAINING

- these are special exercises in the gym for, the only exception will be working at a faster pace during the effort phase, for example, when performing a rise you need to quickly, even if the rise will be outwardly slow, but the acceleration specified at the beginning of the rise will feel like the muscles and the body will include additional work stimulation for strength growth.

2) BIOMECHANICS

– it is worth improving your running technique so that the movements are more coherent and coordinated, the whole body should work as a single mechanism. What happens in most cases is that many people run around at random, their arms are dangling, their legs are in different directions, or they generally look like they’re drunk.

3) STRETCHING

- this is a very important way to influence the strength of the legs, remember that in the process of strength training, the muscles thicken and decrease in length, constant stretching of the legs allows you to maintain the original length of the muscle fibers, and accordingly maintain a greater amplitude of movements and strength, respectively.

The formula has been known since school:

a = v/t,

where a

– acceleration,

v

- speed

t

- time

To develop speed, it is necessary to comprehensively use all 3 methods to increase running speed; only a runner without strength training will always lose to someone who works according to the + scheme.

Range and conservation problems of the species

Back in the mid-19th century, the black rhinoceros was a common inhabitant of the African savannas. Rhinoceroses were found throughout a vast area of ​​Central, Eastern and Southern Africa. Unfortunately, they did not escape the common fate of all large African animals, and are now preserved almost exclusively in national parks, although in general the configuration of their range has remained almost unchanged (except for the fact that they were completely exterminated in South Africa, but in recent decades they have returned there introduced and formed a stable population).

The total number of black rhinoceros now is about 3.5 thousand animals (in 1967, from 11,000 to 13,500 of these animals lived on the entire African continent, with up to 4 thousand in Tanzania alone). Most rhinoceroses live in protected areas in Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and South Africa. It is found in Angola, Cameroon and the Central African Republic. Outside the reserves, the survival of rhinoceroses is problematic: firstly, due to the lack of living conditions, and secondly, due to poaching. Social problems existing in West African countries have led to a sharp decline in the number of rhinoceroses there - poaching sometimes remains almost the only way to earn money, and the state is unable to establish environmental measures.

Over the past 10-15 years, the number of black rhinoceros has remained relatively stable overall, but individual populations are subject to strong fluctuations. If there are significantly more black rhinoceroses in South Africa, then one of the subspecies that lived in West Africa (Diceros bicornis longipes) was declared extinct. This conclusion was officially made by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) based on the available data on these animals. Experts believe that poachers hunting for the animals’ valuable horns played a major role in the disappearance of black rhinoceroses.